सिविल सेवा से ग्रामीण भारत का पत्ता साफ!
सिविल सेवा की प्राथमिक परीक्षा में दो प्रश्नपत्र होते हैं। पहला प्रश्नपत्र सामान्य ज्ञान का होता है, जिसमें सौ प्रश्न होते हैं, प्रत्येक के लिए दो अंक होते हैं। द्वितीय प्रश्नपत्र में अस्सी प्रश्न होते हैं, जो कि एप्टिट्यूट की जांच करता है, जिसमें किसी मुद्दे से जुड़े गद्यांश होते हैं और उस पर आधारित प्रश्न होते हैं। सामान्य गणित, तर्कशक्ति आदि से भी संबंधित प्रश्न होते हैं। इस प्रश्नपत्र में प्रत्येक के लिए ढाई अंक निर्धारित होते हैं। कुछ कोचिंग संस्थान यह दावा करते हैं कि सामान्य अध्ययन में कितने भी कम नंबर क्यों न हों, अगर आप द्वितीय प्रश्नपत्र में हमारे यहां कोचिंग करते हैं तो आपका प्राथमिक परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण होना तय है।इससे यह बात स्पष्ट है कि द्वितीय प्रश्नपत्र किसकी सहायता कर रहा है। सबको अच्छी तरह पता होता है कि मानविकी के परीक्षार्थियों की गणित में कैसी गति होगी और जब इसको अचानक थोप दिया जाए तो स्थिति और भी स्पष्ट हो जाती है। मानविकी का कोई छात्र अगर ऐसे विषय में परिश्रम से कुछ सीख भी जाता है तो क्या आइआइएम या आइआइटी या बैकिंग वालों की बराबरी कर सकता है? अगर गैर-मानविकी के छात्र ने सामान्य अध्ययन में तैंतीस प्रतिशत से कम भी किया है और एप्टिट्यूट के प्रश्न में अच्छा कर लिया तो उसकी प्राथमिक परीक्षा में चयनित होने की संभावना बहुत बढ़ जाती है। गद्यांश के संबंध में यह देखने में आया है कि हिंदी में उसका रूपांतरण समझ के परे होता है। कुछ अंगरेजी शब्दावलियों का प्रचलित हिंदी अनुवाद न लिख कर कुछ और लिख दिया जाता है, जिससे परीक्षार्थी के पल्ले कुछ नहीं पड़ता। कभी-कभी गद्यांशों में ही किसी अंगरेजी शब्द का अनुवाद एक जगह कुछ और दूसरी जगह कुछ और होता है, जिससे हिंदी माध्यम के परीक्षार्थियों का अधिक समय वास्तविक अर्थ समझने में जाया हो जाता है।
उदाहरण के लिए, किसी वर्ष अंगरेजी के रियलिज्म का अनुवाद वास्तविकतावाद लिखा जाता है, जबकि इसके लिए प्रचलित हिंदी शब्द यथार्थवाद है। पॉजिटिविज्म को एक वर्ष प्रत्यक्षवाद लिखा रहता है तो दूसरे वर्ष सकारात्मकतावाद, जबकि दोनों में बहुत अंतर है। ऐसी स्थिति में गद्यांश का भाव समझने में ही परीक्षार्थी का काफी समय चला जाता है और उसके प्रश्नपत्र का बहुत ज्यादा हिस्सा छूट जाता है। इस तरह संघ लोक सेवा आयोग की नई परीक्षा पद्धति ने कई समस्याएं पैदा की हैं, जिनमें से मुख्य हैं-दोनों प्रश्नपत्रों के प्रश्नों के अंकों में असमानता; किसी भी प्रश्नपत्र में क्वालीफाइंग का न होना; गद्यांश को हिंदी में प्रस्तुत न कर, उसका अनुवाद दिया जाना, वह भी ऐसा, जो गद्यांश के भाव को ही बदल देता है; प्रचलित हिंदी शब्दों के स्थान पर अंगरेजी शब्दावली का अनभिज्ञ अनुवादकों द्वारा अपने अनुसार प्रयोग। इन सभी बिंदुओं पर विचार करने के बाद जो समाधान निकल कर सामने आता है, वह यह है कि दोनों प्रश्नपत्रों का मूल्य (वेटेज) बराबर किया जाए और दोनों प्रश्नपत्रों में क्वालीफाइंग कसौटी निर्धारित की जाए, ताकि यह एकांगी होने से बच सके।
गद्यांशों के अनूदित रूप देने के बदले उनके सिर्फ भाव का अनुवाद किया जाए। हिंदी की प्रचलित शब्दावली का प्रयोग किया जाए। अन्य भारतीय भाषाओं के मामले में भी ऐसा ही हो। मुख्य परीक्षा के लिए ऐसी प्रणाली अपनाई जाए, जिससे मानविकी-विषयों और हिंदी समेत प्रांतीय भाषाओं के अभ्यर्थियों को नुकसान न उठाना पड़े। कुछ वैकल्पिक भाषाओं को मुख्य परीक्षा से बाहर कर दिया गया है, उन्हें पुन: विचार करके समाहित किया जाए। अंगरेजी, हिंदी और अन्य माध्यम से चयनित होने वाले छात्रों के अनुपात में संतुलन बनाने की कोशिश की जाए।
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English Vinglish, the movie, was released in 2012 and received wide acclaim across the globe. It has been in news again. The movie tells the tale of a housewife, the protagonist, who fights a valiant personal battle in overcoming her English language handicap. Tales of personal ambition, resolve and perseverance to overcome debilitating circumstances that one is placed in are always a source of inspiration. Indeed the character of Shashi that Sri Devi plays in the movie deserves our standing ovation for her fortitude.
Discontent of civil services aspirants However in the narrative, inside the movie and later on in critiques by movie pundits and among friends in drawing room discussions, role of the frame that conflates non-exposure to a language and general ineptitude has not been explored.The story actually hides a sordid reality of our times in celebratory din of individual’s triumph within a frame. In our vicarious jubilation over the protagonist’s victory, we fail to pause and ask: Is this the only way in which the hurdle can be overcome? Should the frame exist in its current form? Let me share a little observation: For a Polish or Hungarian or Turkish woman, Shashi’s predicament doesn’t translate into a matter of personal ignominy.
The prime motivation behind this article is not a review of the movie but the movie does come in handy in pointing to the mindset that is prospecting the rigged frame with all its might. For some time now, a section of civil services aspirants — those who primarily hail from rural areasand generallydo not have adequate exposure to English language — have been staging protests against Union Public Services Commission’s adopted selection process. Initially, the mainstream media managed to project the discontent as English vs Hindi issue. Now, when the issue of English questions has been addressed by the Government and the protests have still not been called off – a sincere follower of the issue is prompted to scratch the surface deeper.
The memorandum submitted originally in Hindi on behalf of ‘candidates of Indian languages and rural background’ places the following demands:
1. Scrapping of Civil Services Aptitude Test paper II (CSAT-II) in the prelims because it places candidates with Hindi and other Indian languages medium, and candidates with Arts and Humanities educational background at disadvantage;
2. Rationalisation of the difficulty level of the English qualifying paper in the Mains by aligning its difficulty level with difficulty level of Hindi and other Indian languages;
3. Ensuring that model answer books of Mains exam question papers are available in all Indian languages. Further ensuring that the answer books are marked by examiners of the respective Indian language in which answers have been attempted and ensuring that marking across languages is calibrated.
4. Ensuring that the translation of Prelims and Mains question papers into Hindi is not done by machines. Translated question papers should be readily comprehensible.
5. Interview board should have clear instructions to not to force candidates from Indian languages to speak in English during the interview.
The sixth demand is not relevant to this article and thus I have not mentioned it here. Each one of the demand is further supported with data, analysis, references, interpretation and conclusions. I will like to pause this discussion a little and applaud the protesters for the analytical flair, issue structuring, and directional conviction that they have been able to demonstrate through the memorandum. The memorandum is not a work of destructive hooligans (as has been painted by some English media columnists) who know nothing better than arson on the streets. It is a work of cooperation for mutual interest and is as resourceful as any such document from anywhere in the world could be. Is anyone listening?
Frame boundaries
Of course UPSC should use her ingenuity in finding the most apt candidates. I agree that the aptitude discovery processes should be decided by her autonomously. But UPSC is answerable to the people of the country and it cannot be operating without any accountability. It has to work within an accountability frame and I would like to set some frame boundaries that an organ of our constitution in a position such as UPSC must respect.
1. Language neutral: Aptitude doesn’t belong to any one single language. India is a multilingual country and any selection process must neither favor any one foreign or Indian language nor disfavor any language.
2. Discipline neutral: Civil services have been conceptualized as generalist services and that is also accentuated by the wide selection of subjects available as exam options in the Mains. That being the guiding principle the selection process must not favour or disfavor any discipline.
3. Resource neutral: India is a highly heterogeneous country in terms of resource endowments. Competition can only be fair if all children of the country had an equal chance of cultivating their 1. intelligence into what would qualify as ‘aptitude’ for civil services. This boundary condition would seek to balance pre-selection aptitude testing and post‑selection aptitude cultivation.
4. Examiner neutral: Examiners bring their own personal biases into the process at the time of marking answer books and paper-setting. This boundary condition demands that personal biases of examiners should not come into play.
Demand number 1 – CSAT must be scrapped, arises from violation of first three boundary conditions. One, it is conducted only in Hindi and English and leaves other Indian languages out; and two, it sources its questions from resource material that has generally not been made available in Indian languages. In a previous article, I had proposed an amendment to the Multidimensional Poverty Index and asserted that availability of linguistic infrastructure in the language of a person’s education is essential for poverty eradication. Therefore till the time such linguistic infrastructure is erected in Indian languages it is unfair to source questions from English infrastructure and serve their nonsensical translations.
Demands 2, 3, 4 and 5arise from violation of language neutrality boundary. In some ways they also point towards violation of Resource neutrality boundary condition.Demand 3 – ensuring model answer books are available in all languages, also arises because of violations of Examiner neutrality. Demand 5 – instructions to interviewers to not to force Indian Languages candidates to respond in English, arises from a contemptuous attitude towards candidates of Indian Languages that often hangs in the interview room. The process actually violates more than just the boundaries I have proposed. It violates an Indian’s Right to Non-discrimination and life of self-dignity.
In the frame that I have proposed Demand 2 should actually be changed with dropping the English paper altogether for those candidates who opt for Indian languages.The big question that I see coming my way in reaction to this proposal is:How will this motley linguistic harvest of future civil servants effectively work together? Indeed such a change will have to be supported with linguistic infrastructure and linguistic services which are currently absent in our country. Length of the post selection training program can be increased, training in link language(s) can be imparted and candidates can then be re-examined.
Sridevi’s message to IAS aspirants
A section of our society (yes English obsession binds us across the border too!) interprets demands of these aspirants as their reluctance to face competition and rise up to the challenge. The following tweet caught my attention:
कोई टिप्पणी नहीं:
एक टिप्पणी भेजें